GIS-based spatial analysis: basic sanitation services in Parana State, Southern Brazil.

The objective of this study is to provide a view of the geographic distribution of basic sanitation services offered in Parana, Brazil. Temporal distributions, spatial patterns, and clusters were determined using 2000, 2010, and 2016 data. Tabular data of the percentages of households receiving water supply, waste collection, and sanitary sewage treatments were used as the basic inputs of the study. Time series maps were created using geographic information systems (GIS) for the visualization of the temporal changes in basic sanitation rates. The spatial variation in sanitation services was measured using Moran's Global Index (Moran's I), while the Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) and Getis-Ord Gi*(d) were used to identify the presence of possible clusters and hot spots in the percentage of households with sanitation services. The study showed strong evidence that the service rates for sanitary sewage were significantly lower than those for water supply and waste collection. Waste collection proved to have the highest service rate in the study area. Waste collection was also the service that increased the most in the study period, followed by the water supply service. Identification of the most vulnerable municipalities was performed using LISA and the local Getis-Ord Gi*(d) statistic. Most of the low value clusters and cold spots were detected in the southern and west-central regions, while the high value hot spots and clusters were detected in the northern and northeastern regions of the state of Parana.

O Sistema de Informação Geográfica em pesquisas sobre ambiente, atividade física e saúde / The Geographic Information System in environment, physical activity and health researches

O Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) é uma ferramenta importante para o gerenciamento e análises de dados geográficos relacionados com políticas, programas e desfechos no contexto da atividade física e saúde. O objetivo desse estudo é descrever os métodos e a aplicação do SIG para avaliar o ambiente relacionado à atividade física e a saúde. Algumas etapas são essenciais para o em-prego do SIG, incluindo desenvolvimento de conhecimentos fundamentais à operação da ferramenta, identificação e domínio dos programas computacionais adequados às características do projeto de pesquisa, aquisição dos dados espaciais, criação e análise de indicadores e por fim a representação das informações espaciais. As informações derivadas do SIG permitem uma exatidão nas análises relacionadas a comunidades amplas, como bairros e cidades. O emprego de receptor GPS (Global Positioning System) e acelerômetro, por exemplo, pode ampliar o detalhamento de informações sobre aonde, quem, quando e quais atividades físicas são realizadas. Além disto, informações obtidas por meio de observação sistemática e auto relatos podem adicionar aspectos sobre a qualidade dos locais em que as atividades físicas são realizadas. Conclui-se que o emprego do SIG, em conjunto com outros métodos, pode auxiliar a compreensão sobre o papel das mudanças ambientais e políticas públicas voltadas ao ambiente, sobre os níveis populacionais de atividade física, assim como propiciar evidências que auxiliem o planejamento de cidades mais saudáveis

The Geographic Information System (GIS) is an important tool for managing and analysing geographic data related to policies, programs and outcomes in the context of physical activity and health. The Aim of this study is to describe the methods and the application of GIS to assess the environment related to physical activity and health. Some steps are essential for the use of GIS, including development of fundamental knowledge for the operation of the tool, identification and mastery of the computational programs appropriate to the characteristics of the research project, acquisition of spatial data, creation and analysis of indicators and, finally, spatial information representation. The information derived from GIS allows accuracy in analyses related to large communities, such as neighbourhoods and cities. The use of GPS devices (Global Positioning System) and accelerometer, for example, can expand the detail of information on where, who, when and what physical activities are performed. In addition, information obtained through systematic observation and self-reports can add aspects about the quality of the places where physical activities are performed. In conclusion, the use of GIS, joining with other methods, can be helpfully to understand the role of environmental changes and public policies aimed at the environment, population levels of physical activity, besides providing evidence that helps to plan healthier citie